HMPV Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment: Everything You Need to Know

Since the outbreak was initially reported in China, India has seen five cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). According to the reports, there were two cases in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and one in Gujarat.

The discovery of HMPV cases raised worries, particularly about the effects on youngsters, older people, and others with weaker immune systems. Although the virus usually causes symptoms similar to a cold, it can be more severe for vulnerable groups, particularly newborns.

What is HMPV?
Common respiratory viruses like Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) usually cause moderate symptoms like fever, coughing, sore throats, and nose congestion. HMPV can cause significant problems in infants, older adults, and people with weaker immune systems, even though most people recover with rest and fluids.

Since its discovery in 2001, HMPV has become a well-known respiratory pathogen that is found all over the world. Most people have at least one infection by the age of five, and it primarily affects children under this age.

Approximately 3% of respiratory infections and 10–12% of pediatric respiratory diseases in India are caused by HMPV. Serious side effects like pneumonia are uncommon but might happen, especially in people who already have underlying medical issues.

HMPV cases in India
The number of HMPV cases in India has increased since two newborns in Karnataka tested positive for the virus. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted regular surveillance, allowing the Ministry of Health to confirm the cases. In Tamil Nadu, two cases were recorded in Chennai and Salem; both infants are under close observation and in stable condition.

What are the symptoms of HMPV?
In healthy individuals, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) usually results in minor symptoms such as a sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, and a mild fever, similar to the common cold. However, more serious respiratory conditions, including wheezing, shortness of breath, and pneumonia, can occur in older adults and those with compromised immune systems.

Wheezing (high-pitched breathing), shortness of breath, fast breathing, chest retractions (visible use of the chest muscles during breathing), and cyanosis (bluish tinge to lips or fingers) are some of the symptoms that might worsen in susceptible individuals, particularly babies.

HMPV can cause pneumonia or bronchiolitis if left untreated. Thus, prompt medical attention is necessary to avoid more problems.

HMPV treatment
Currently, there are no antiviral drugs mainly designed to treat HMPV. As they heal, most patients can control moderate symptoms at home.

Hospitalization can be required when symptoms worsen to provide closer monitoring and avoid consequences. In certain situations, medical professionals may employ the following therapies:

• Oxygen therapy: To aid in breathing, extra oxygen may be administered via a mask or nasal tube.
• Intravenous fluids: IV fluids may be given to guarantee adequate hydration.
• Corticosteroids: Steroids can be administered to alleviate symptoms and lower inflammation.

Guidelines for safety and prevention

While HMPV poses a risk, particularly to vulnerable persons, experts say there is no reason to be concerned. Soumya Swaminathan, the former Chief Scientist for the WHO, told the public that HMPV is not a virus to be alarmed about. According to her, common sense measures like donning masks, washing your hands frequently, staying away from busy areas, and seeing a doctor if your symptoms increase are adequate.

Preventive methods for HMPV transmission include:

• Practicing excellent hygiene: Wash your hands with soap and water or use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
• Avoid close contact with persons who have respiratory symptoms.
  To prevent viral spread, wear a mask in crowded areas and disinfect surfaces regularly.
  Being aware of signs such as wheezing or shortness of breath and promptly seeking medical attention

Similarly, Maharashtra’s Health Minister, Prakash Abitkar, advised the public to follow state and government recommendations, assuring them there was no need to fear.