Most people associate the thyroid gland with weight changes or fatigue, but few realise that this small gland can also have a noticeable impact on eye health. The thyroid plays a key role in controlling metabolism, body temperature, heart function, and several other vital processes. When it doesn’t function properly, its effects can show up in unexpected places, including the eyes.
Medical experts explain that eye-related problems linked to thyroid conditions don’t always appear at the same time as the thyroid disorder itself. In some cases, eye symptoms may show up even before a thyroid issue is diagnosed, while in others they may develop much later. Interestingly, the seriousness of eye symptoms does not always match how severe the thyroid imbalance is, which is why eye changes are sometimes overlooked or misunderstood.
One of the most common eye complaints seen in people with thyroid conditions is dry eye. According to eye specialists, changes in thyroid hormone levels can affect how tears are produced and how well they protect the eyes. This can lead to irritation and discomfort. In addition, some people experience eyelid retraction, where the upper eyelid sits higher than usual, leaving more of the eye exposed and making dryness worse.
People with dry eye may notice burning, redness, excessive watering, a gritty feeling, or blurred vision that improves after blinking. Doctors usually recommend lubricating eye drops or gels, limiting exposure to dry or smoky environments, and keeping thyroid levels well controlled. When treated early, these measures can greatly improve comfort and protect the surface of the eye.
In some individuals, especially those with autoimmune thyroid conditions, a more serious issue known as thyroid eye disease can develop. Medical experts explain that this happens when the immune system causes swelling and inflammation in the tissues and muscles around the eyes. This may lead to bulging eyes, puffiness of the eyelids, a feeling of pressure or pain behind the eyes, and sometimes double vision. In severe cases, the swelling can affect eye movement or put pressure on the optic nerve, which can threaten vision.
Treatment varies depending on how advanced the condition is and may include medications to reduce inflammation, therapies that calm the immune response, or surgical procedures to relieve pressure around the eyes. Doctors strongly stress that smoking can significantly worsen thyroid eye disease, and quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to prevent progression.
Health experts advise that anyone living with a thyroid condition should pay close attention to changes in their eyes. Early consultation with an eye specialist can make a big difference in managing symptoms, preventing complications, and protecting long-term vision.
